Mine todays paper was also of CS504
long questions are as follows.
1) Aggregation ki atleast two real life examples.
2) identify the following:
i) data.
ii) program
iii) documentation
3) Explain these:
1) object creation
2) object life time
4) what textual analysis. explain it?
5) By following the software architecture define the Structure of "a house with its mendator, (shayed yhi spellings the) with the software structure analysis.
Best of luck.
On Sat, Dec 3, 2011 at 6:18 PM, CoooL <asad.coool786@gmail.com> wrote:
---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: mc100402092 Muhammad Ishfaq <mc100402092@vu.edu.pk>
Date: Sat, Dec 3, 2011 at 6:16 PM
Subject: CS504_Fall2011_(7-Current_Papers_Mine Also)
To: Muhammad Ishfaq <pak.nchd@gmail.com>
*Fall 2011 Latest Papers (7 Current Papers)***
*Papers Number 01***
*Define: Data , **Documentation** , Program***
*Cruise missile **scenario better fire which kind of design parameters are
used for better work?***
In some software the *efficiency* is more important and desirable. For
example if we talk about a cruise missile or a nuclear reactor controller
that are droved by the software systems then performance and reliability is
far more important than the cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness. In
these cases if your software does not react within a certain amount of time
then it may result in the disaster like Chernobyl accident.
*After the analyzing you consider that the **cost and efficiency conflict **of
a software then what you suggest to tackle this situation? Give three best
ways?***
Law of diminishing returns shall be adopted.
*Write three **types of messages **in sequence diagrams: 21-lec***
Sequence diagrams can depict many different types of messages. These are:
synchronous or simple, asynchronous, create, and destroy. The following
diagram shows the notation and types of arrows used for these different
message types.
Question No: 11 (Marks: 2)
*Suppose you are working as a software engineer involved in the development
of an e-commerce website.** What are the 2 most important characteristics
your software must have? *
Answer:- (Software engineering ---Page 797 )
Two most important characteristics are that software should be reliable and
useable.
Then security is also concern
*Papers Number 02***
Question No: 3 ( Marks: -- )
*HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THAT AN OBJECTIVE BELONGS TO CERTAIN CLASS?** *
Answer:- (Page 85)
The basic unit of object oriented design is an object. An object can be
defined as a tangible entity that exhibits some well defined behavior. The
structure and behavior of similar objects are defined in their common
class. A class specifies an interface and defines an implementation.
*What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?** *
Answer:- (Page 87)
As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between
the two objects which are involved in this relationship. Therefore, one way
to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two
objects are tightly coupled, that is, if they cannot exist independently,
it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as independent, it
is an association.
*Q2) What is meant by"**System's Static **View"?***
*Relationship Among Objects***
The object model presents a static view of the system and illustrates how
different objects collaborate with one another through patterns of
interaction. Inheritance, association and aggregation are the three
inter-object relationships specified by the object model.
Inheritance defines a "kind of" hierarchy among classes. By inheritance, we
specify generalization/specialization relationship among objects. In this
relationship, a class (called the subclass) shares the structure and
behavior defined in another class (called the superclass). A subclass
augments or redefines the existing structure and behavior of its
superclass. By classifying objects into groups of related abstractions, we
come to explicitly distinguish the common and distinct properties of
different objects, which further help us to master their inherent
complexity. Identifying the hierarchy within a complex system requires the
discovery of patterns among many objects.
In an association relationship, when object A "uses" object B, then A may
send messages to B. The relationship defines visibility among objects.
The aggregation relationship defines part-of structure among objects. When
object A is part of the state of object B, A is said to be contained by B.
There are some tradeoffs between aggregation and association relationships.
Aggregation reduces the number of objects that must be visible at the level
of enclosing objects and may lead to undesirable tighter coupling among
objects.
*Differentiate between Association and Aggregation ?***
*Association and Aggregation - Some basic differences***
Objects do not exist in isolation. They rather collaborate with one another
in many different ways to achieve an overall goal. The different types of
relationships in which these objects are involved include association,
aggregation, and inheritance. Briefly, inheritance denotes a "kind of"
relationship, aggregation denotes a "part of" relationship, and association
denotes some semantic connection among otherwise unrelated classes.
Any further elaboration on inheritance relationship is beyond the scope of
this discussion and therefore we shall concentrate on agrregation and
association relationships only.
As mentioned earlier, aggregation is the "part-whole" or "a-part-of"
relationship in which objects representing the components of something are
encapsulated within an object representing the entire assembly. In other
words, the whole is meaningless without its parts and the part cannot exist
without its container or assembly.
*What is behavior driven perceptive of an objective?** *
Answer:- (Page 85)
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes and
message passing. The behavior of an object is completely defined by its
actions. A message is some action that one object performs upon another in
order to elicit a reaction. The operations that clients may perform upon an
object are called methods.
*What is textual analysis?** *
*Object-Oriented Analysis using Abbot's Textual Analysis***
The first object-orientation technique that we will study is one of the
oldest techniques to identify objects and their relationships. This
technique is called *Textual Analysis*. It was initially developed by *Abbot
* and then extended by *Graham and others.* In this technique different
parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and
these parts are modeled using different components.
*Q5) What is **Software Architecture** **?***
Answer:- (Page 116)
Architecture is the organizational structure of a system. Architecture can
be recursively decomposed into parts that interact through interfaces,
relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts.
Parts that interact through interfaces include classes, components and
subsystems.
What do we mean by software architecture?
Unfortunately, there is yet no single universally accepted definition. Nor
is there a shortage of proposed definition candidates.
The term is interpreted and defined in many different ways. At the essence
of all the discussion about software architecture, however, is a focus on
reasoning about the structural issues of a system. And although
architecture is sometimes used to mean a certain architectural style, such
as client-server, and sometimes used to refer to a field of study, it is
most often used to describe structural aspects of a particular system.
Before looking at the definitions for the software architecture, it is
important to
understand how a software system is defined. It is important because many
definitions of software architecture make a reference to software systems.
*According to UML 1.3,* a system is a collection of connected units that
are organized to accomplish a specific purpose. A system can be described
by one or more models, possibly from different viewpoints. IEEE Std.
610.12-1990 defines a system as a collection of components organized to
accomplish a specific function or set of functions.
That is, a system is defined as an organized set of connected components to
accomplish the specified tasks.
Let us now look at some of the software architecture definitions from some
of the most influential writers and groups in the field.
*UML 1.3:***
Architecture is the organizational structure of a system. An architecture
can be recursively decomposed into parts that interact through interfaces,
relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts.
Parts that interact through interfaces include classes, components and
subsystems.
*IEEE Glossary***
Architectural design: The process of defining a collection of hardware and
software components and their interfaces to establish the framework for the
development of a computer system
*Q6) What is the **Cardinality **of Objective**?***
Answer :- (Software engineering ---Page 334 )
*Cardinality.* The data model must be capable of representing the number of
occurrences Objects in a given relationship. Tillmann [TIL93] defines the
cardinality of an object/relationship pair in the following manner:
*One-to-one (l:l)*—One occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one and
only one occurrence of [object] 'B,' and an occurrence of 'B' can relate to
only one occurrence of 'A.'
*One-to-many (l:N)—*One occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or
many occurrences of [object]'B,' but an occurrence of 'B' can relate to
only one occurrence of 'A.' *For example, a mother can have many children,
but a child can have only one mother.*
*Many-to-many (M:N)—*An occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or
more occurrences of 'B,' while an occurrence of 'B' can relate to one or
more occurrences of 'A.' *For example, an uncle can have many nephews,
while a nephew can have many uncles.*
*Abstraction and encapsulation***
Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts.
*Abstraction* provides the outside view to the client and encapsulation
prevents clients from seeing its inside view. For abstraction to work,
implementation must be encapsulated.
*Encapsulation* hides the details of the implementation of an object.
Intelligent encapsulation localizes design decisions that are likely to
change. The ability to change the representation of an object without
disturbing any of its clients is the essential benefit of encapsulation.
*Papers Number 03***
*Q1.Is the design of software architecture a iterative process? ( Marks 2)**
*
*Answer:* Just like any other design activity, design of software
architecture is a creative and iterative process. This involves performing
a number of activities, not necessarily in any particular order or
sequence. These include system structuring, control modeling, and modular
decomposition.
*What is textual analysis?** *
*Answer:*
*Object-Oriented Analysis using Abbot's Textual Analysis***
The first object-orientation technique that we will study is one of the
oldest techniques to identify objects and their relationships. This
technique is called *Textual Analysis*. It was initially developed by *Abbot
* and then extended by *Graham and others.* In this technique different
parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and
these parts are modeled using different components. The following table
shows this scheme.
*Q3. Think about any sales point and write the atteribute and serivses of
"sale" object? ( Marks 3)** *
*Answer:*
Innovative Question , Solve it by yourself , with regard to Coad
Methodology.
*Q4. If we matain **a **part of code **there is no effect **on other part .
What u say this kind of Code and wath principal is used for making this
code? ( Marks 3)** *
*Answer:***
*Q5. In which **situation **we can use **collaboration diagram **and
sequence diagram**? ( Marks 5)** *
*Answer:*
*Q6. define aggregate and Narate the 2 examples of agreegate in real Life?
( Marks 5)***
*Answer:*
As mentioned earlier, aggregation is the "part-whole" or "a-part-of"
relationship in which objects representing the components of something are
encapsulated within an object representing the entire assembly. In other
words, the whole is meaningless without its parts and the part cannot exist
without its container or assembly.
*Papers Number 04***
*What are architectural designs Process, explain briefly?***
*Answer:*
*System structuring: -*
System structuring is concerned with decomposing the system into
interacting sub-systems. The system is decomposed into several principal
sub-systems and communications between these sub-systems are identified
*Control modeling:-* Control modeling establishes a model of the control
relationships between the different parts of the system.
*Modular decomposition:-* During this activity, the identified sub-systems
are decomposed into modules. This design process is further elaborated in
the following section where architectural views are discussed.
*What is action-oriented approach for Software Design?***
* Answer:*
In the case of action-oriented approach, data is decomposed according to
functionality requirements. That is, decomposition revolves around
function. In the OO approach, decomposition of a problem revolves around
data. Action-oriented paradigm focuses only on the functionality of a
system and typically ignores the data until it is required. Object-
oriented paradigm focuses both on the functionality and the data at the
same time. The basic difference between these two is decentralized control
mechanism versus centralized control mechanism respectively.
Decentralization gives OO the ability to handle essential complexity better
than action-oriented approach.
*Define cohesion.***
*Answer:*
Cohesion is an internal property of a module. Cohesion describes the
intra-component linkages while couple shows the inter-component
linkages.Cohesion measures the independence of a module.
*What is OOP***
*Answer:*
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model
organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than
logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that
takes input data, processes it, and produces output data.
*What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?***
*Answer:-*
As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between
the two objects which are involved in this relationship. Therefore, one way
to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two
objects are tightly coupled, that
is, if they cannot exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they
are usually considered as independent, it is an association.
*Paper Number 05***
Shared by Someone,
*Q1= peter methodology sy koch sentence ko true statement batani thi*
*Q2=peter methodology sy ak paragraph sy 2 object batnay thay*
*Q3= ak diagram thi us main object or message batna tha*
*Q4= ak coding wala sawal tha*
*Q5= As a software engineer batain sequence diagram or collaboration
diagram kis jaga use krain gy*
*Q6=koch statements sy ture statement batani thain*
*Paper Number 06*
20 mcqs
*peter cod main say question tha*
*ak statement di hoi thi us main say object btanay thay using methdolog
abstraction tha*
*peter cod walay main say ak or tha*
*methods btanay thay to analyze software quality*
*ak ajeeb sa question tha ,wo main nay nahi kiya , mara paper to buhat acha
hoa*
*Paper Number 07 Shared by Muhammad Ishfaq.*
*Q No. 01**Identify Objects in the given figure. 2 Marks*
*Define Coupling? 2 Marks*
*To write a maintainable code which factors /issues , which design code
,should kept in mind*
*While defining the attributes of an object which point should should be
kept in mind.state at least 3 with examples….3 Marks*
*Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 5 Marks*
Encapsulation
Multiple Inheritance
Classes/Class
Association.
*Explain the Whole Part in the following figure.*
*Sale|>--------------------|Sale Line Items. 5 Marks*
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